Which of the following is NOT a required element to establish negligence?

• A. Duty of care
• B. Breach of duty
• C. Causation
• D. Intent to injure

Answer: (D)

Negligence is about harm that results from a breach of a duty of care, not from the intent to injure. To establish negligence, you need four elements: there was a duty of care owed, the duty was breached by the responsible party, the breach caused the harm (causation), and actual damage resulted. Intent to injure is not required; someone can act carelessly or negligently without aiming to cause harm, yet still be liable if the other elements are met. For example, failing to maintain a safe walkway can lead to an injury even if there was no intention to harm.